Beam generations of three kinds of charged particles

Parametric Beam Instability of Relativistic Charged Particles in a Crystal

Known schemes of coherent X-ray and gamma-ray sources are basically connected with the creation of the conditions, when resonant transitions of MSssbauer nuclei or the internal electron shell of heavy atoms have an inverse population. It was shown in refs. [1,2] that these conditions were realized for a relatively small threshold current (j ~ 10 2 A/cm2), when parametric X-rays [2,3] from the m...

Three-body forces between charged colloidal particles.

Within nonlinear Poisson-Boltzmann theory we calculate the pair and triplet interactions between charged colloidal spheres, specifically in the nonlinear regime of low salt concentrations and high charges. We find repulsive pair interactions and attractive triplet interactions. Within a van der Waals-like mean-field theory we estimate in which parameter regime a gas-liquid coexistence is to be ...

histological evaluation of the effect of three medicaments; trichloracetic acid, formocresol and mineral trioxide aggregate on pulpotomized teeth of dogs

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Three Levels of Semiosis: Three Kinds of Kinds

In philosophy, there is an as yet unresolved discussion on whether there are different kinds of kinds and what those kinds are. In particular, there is a distinction between indifferent kinds, which are unaffected by observation and representation, and interactive kinds, which respond to being studied in ways that alter the very kinds under study. This is in essence a discussion on ontologies a...

Three kinds of ethics for three kinds of engineering